The Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi - 1017 Words

This pepper identifies and analyses some of the highlights found in the culture narrative of a visual comic memoir titled â€Å"The Complete Persepolis† by Marjane Satrapi, and a culture storyline, â€Å"Code White† by Debra Anderson. Starting with â€Å"The Complete Persepolis† the book is about Satrapi’s experience as she transitions from a young woman into adulthood in Rasht, Iran and Vienna, Australia during and after the Islamic and culture revolution between the periods of 1979-1995. The first published in France, in French language in 2000, and English version 2003 in New York. As for â€Å"Code White† it’s a fiction cultural narrative about a Queer woman Alex who finds herself in a mental health hospital in Toronto, Canada. Analyzing these books, and the, concepts such as ideological practices, stereotypes, and feminism, as well as terms of ability, ablebodiness and feminist power gives insight about ways in which systems of oppress ion related to race, class, gender, ability, feminist sexuality are culturally re-enforced within a society. But also through feminist these cultural ideologies can be deconstructed with the goal to gain economic and class equality among all people. This essay focus in Marjane Satrapi and ways she resists to the culture narratives of the veil in relation to gender class and sexuality. The second part pays a closer attention to the Code White and the representation of the character of Alex and her tactics to resist to mental illness, and stereotypes attachedShow MoreRelatedThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pageslargely affected the views of Iranians by other nations. The graphic novel, The Complete Persepolis, written by Marjane Satrapi (Satrapi, 2003), conveys many of these events and changes through the eyes of a child growing up in the 1980s in Iran. Satrapi’s main purpose for this book is to describe how the Iranian government was corrup t, causing foreign nations to have a tainted view of all Iranian citizens. The Complete Persepolis does so by presenting major events and changes in a manner that is directedRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi2268 Words   |  10 Pages Review of Literature While I will pull from other sources, the main focus of this paper will be The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi. Throughout this graphic novel, Satrapi tells her life story and what it was like growing up in Iran. In the opening illustrations, she describes her childhood and her transition from a secular school to one that was religious and separated by gender. At this time it had become law for a woman to wear the veil, or head scarf when in public. Iran transitionedRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1552 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi the idea of inequality is introduced through several examples. Marjane Satrapi uses the title to comment on inequality in all aspects of Marjane’s life, including gender, religious, economic, and racial status. Although there are several forms of inequality that the title attempts to highlight within the story, it focuses primarily on the issues of gender inequality by compa ring the issues that Marjane faces due to her gender and comparing itRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi903 Words   |  4 Pages In The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi, the genre choice of the graphic novel vividly portrays the life-experience that Satrapi herself gone through as a youth growing up in Iran back in the 1980s. Satrapi utilizes a unique drawing style to emphasize the influence that the Islamic Republic has brought to her. The recurring action of teachers implanting Islamic values in children throughout Marjane’s education in Iran is demonstrated through a set of related images, which implicitlyRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1185 Words   |  5 PagesThere are certain countries that are ran through dictatorship, they abuse the power they have to the country. In the story, The Complete Persepolis written by Marjane Satrapi, she changes the view towards Iran through occurrences and eastern fundamentalist ideas. In 1979, there was the Islamic revolution in Iran. This year was the year that was going to have many changes to the country. In chapter one of the Ve il, there are characters and their freedom of expression being repressed as well as theRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi944 Words   |  4 Pages The Complete Persepolis, written by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic novel that illustrates the authors unforgettable and very rough childhood while growing up in Tehran, Iran during the Islamic Revolution. The book was basically set up with events as the chapters. For example, the chapter â€Å"The Key† describes how plastic keys were handed to the young soldiers as their way to heaven when they died. This is what they were told at least. The book starts when Marji is 10 years old, which isRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi Essay2678 Words   |  11 PagesThe Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi The Veil The reader is introduced to Marjane at 10 in Iran, 1980. She goes to school and wears a veil, just like everyone else. The women in Iran don’t want to wear a veil The new regime in Iran made it mandatory for women to wear a veil. They also segregated the schools between girls and boys Marjane says she wants to be a prophet The school thinks it’s weird that she wants to be a prophet, so they call her parents Even though she wants to be a prophetRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis Marjane Satrapi Analysis1072 Words   |  5 PagesIn her graphic novel â€Å"The Complete Persepolis,† Marjane Satrapi explores different identities and works through troubling hardships as she comes closer to who she truly is as an educated Iranian woman. Satrapi expresses the many trials and tribulations she endured while living in and out of Iran during parts of the Islamic Revolution, all whilst trying to find her identity as a child, teenager, and adult. Although she loses herself along the way, she always finds her true identity and self-worthRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Story Of The Complete Persepolis Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesan unfriendly world. This is not a fictitious story. This is an actual event that happened to the author of The Complete Persepolis. Marjane Satrapi, the author of The Complete Persepolis, grew up during the 1979 Revolution. This event changed many people’s lives, e ither it was for the better or worse is hard to say. Nevertheless, it influenced Satrapi s whole life. In the book, Satrapi expresses her childhood memories through her eyes as a child. Her experiences and ancestry can be clearly shownRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi And I Am Nujood1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe patriotism that the country gives. Having these ideals one can see that some Americans are even question their own culture, and are constantly changing it due to the surge of countercultures and trend setters. From the texts The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi and I Am Nujood by Nujood Ali one can observe how western culture has affected people who are not raised within Iranian and Yemini cultures, and it grants a glimpse into other cultures and their beliefs. Despite the culture shock in

Myth of Gilgamesh Analysis Free Essays

Liliana Magdaleno Ken Hiltner, Miss Russ English 122 LE October 27, 2011 Word Count: ~1450 Hero or Villain? In all epics, we read about the endeavors of heroes who have to conquer an evil entity in order to ensure the peace of their constituencies. They exhibit great virtues such as courage, pride, intelligence, wit, patriotism, and love for the people of their land, among other things. Those are typically the qualities that come to mind when we think of a hero; however, when we think of the evil force that compliments the hero, we think of someone/something that causes harm onto the land, and thus brings fear to everyone when the name of that entity is spoken. We will write a custom essay sample on Myth of Gilgamesh Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the case of The Myth of Gilgamesh, the distinction of hero or villain is distorted. There is significant evidence that suggests that not only is Gilgamesh a villain, but also he is an environmental hazard. In the Myth of Gilgamesh, we are introduced to the so-called â€Å"hero† and leader behind the great walled city of Uruk. Gilgamesh â€Å"had seen everything†¦had journeyed to the edge of the world†¦had carved his trials on stone tablets†¦restored the holy Eanna Temple and the massive wall of Uruk†¦Gilgamesh suffered all and accomplished all. † (2-3) This introduction leads us to believe that Gilgamesh does possess some of the qualities that would make him be considered a hero; his soldiers refer to him as â€Å"the fortress† and â€Å"protector of the people, raging flood that destroys all defenses. † (3) It is rather instinctual for the reader to feel an admiration towards the character. However, one must not be so quick to judge. Words are just words, but actions are far louder. What is true of the statements that are said by his soldiers is that Gilgamesh destroys all defenses, in the ecocritical perspective; he destroys the defenses of the Cedar Forest. As the story unfolds, we begin to see Gilgamesh more as a villain than a hero. For example, Gilgamesh â€Å"does whatever he wants, takes the son from his father and crushes him, takes the girl from her mother and uses her, the warrior’s daughter, the young man’s bride, he uses her, no one dares to oppose him. † (4) Gilgamesh abuses his role of the hero/ruler of Uruk so that he can rape women and command his soldiers. He is inconsiderate of the feelings of others and only does as he pleases without thinking of the well being of his people. Gilgamesh feels like he is above men, king of kings. The people of his land don’t respect him, they fear him; thus the people of Uruk beg the gods to bring a force strong enough to calm Gilgamesh. That is when we are introduced to Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s double. Enkidu is the exact opposite of Gilgamesh, he is what epitomizes the desired ideal of a hero: he protects the animals from poachers, protects women from the lust of Gilgamesh, and is sensible. He is strong, witty, and has a love of nature. Enkidu is everything the people of Uruk wished Gilgamesh to be. If Enkidu is the person that suits the role of the hero, it is fair to say that Gilgamesh is not a hero at all. Gilgamesh is ambitious, and wants to be forever known by the people of his land. Thus, he wants to preserve the great walled city of Uruk and make it a relic for the great empire ruled by the greatest the Fertile Crescent had ever seen. This need for an unnecessary relic that will require heavy resource consumption (in this case lumber) is an anachronism for a similar phenomenon that occurs within industrialized countries, affluenza. Affluenza is the suggestion that material possessions will bring joy to the individual. This is detrimental to the environment because it causes resource overuse and is very unsustainable. The latter part of the myth begins to show environmental degradation due to Gilgamesh’s greed. The Cedar Forest is the unknown and savage realm beyond the walled city of Uruk that is protected by an evil force named Humbaba. From an ecocritical perspective, the wilderness beyond Uruk is just nature or the environment. It is human anthropocentricism that makes it hard to realize that the wilderness is not something to fear just because we don’t have complete control over it. Man above nature is the cause of the Cedar Forest’s demise. Our villain-disguised hero needs to venture into the wilderness in order to face himself with his enemy Humbaba; it is during this section of the myth that another character flaw is revealed: Gilgamesh is a coward for being afraid of the force that is Humbaba (nature manifested as the Cedar Forest). He convinces his double, Enkidu, to embark on the same journey and help him defeat the deity. Gilgamesh is quick to talk about how he wants to be remembered for his glory and ensure that every inhabitant of Uruk will remember the great ruler he was. Yet, he is such a coward that he cannot do this alone. He has nightmares about entering the forest are a psychological indication that he is not as mighty as he thinks he is. These nightmares are also critical of the environment, Humbaba is portrayed as a ruthless monster that will â€Å"tear [Gilgamesh] from limb to limb,† and â€Å"crush [him]† leave him â€Å"bloody and mangled on the ground. (29) This perspective of the environment as ruthless and relentless is the driving force for Gilgamesh to want to destroy it, to rid himself of the fears of what nature bestows. Nature is not a scary nor evil as this classic literature suggests, in modern contemporary times and even in the pastoral times, nature is giving and beautiful, once the value of the environment is known, it becomes less frightening. Gilgamesh had a fear for the unknown and a thirst for power; in essence, destroying nature would be the only way to realize how important nature truly is. After the fall of Humbaba, Gilgamesh stripped the forest of its tall and luscious trees. Not only did Gilgamesh rape the women of his soldiers, but he raped the forest as well. This was the ultimate goal of our villain’s quest: Gilgamesh gained full access to the Cedar Forest in order to create the relic that he so desired. Gilgamesh needs to feel that he is in control of everything, including nature. On the night of the attack, the weapons Gilgamesh used to combat Humbaba were axes, instead of swords or other conventional weapons. This story is a great metaphor for deforestation. Gilgamesh is the modern day logger in thirsty for virgin lands to satiate his thirst for common pool resources. At the moment, Giligamesh only cares about the reputation and glory, not about how much damage he is causing to the land. This damage turned out to be one of the greatest environmental mishaps of all time. The Myth of Gilgamesh took place in ancient Mesopotomia. This area was previously referred as the Fertile Crescent. After this large-scale deforestation, there wasn’t really anything fertile about it. In A Forest Journey by John Perlin, we learn about the technologies created within the era of Gilgamesh. It is evident that as human ingenuity kept rising, environmental degradation followed. The people of the Third Dynasty at Ur, 2100 B. C. harnessed the power of lumber to create â€Å"axes, hammers, hoes, and sickles [to] facilitate work. † (37) Tragedy of the Commons, another anachronism, surfaced as the people of the land began the exploitation of the common pool resource of the Euphrates poplar. With the rising demand of wood, policy and trade became instituted and modern day problems such as selling resources at low prices, not including the environmental impact, in addition to transporting these resources long distances. The physical environment also changed with excessive silt and high salinity. Silt was a huge problem because the â€Å"Euphrates, Tirgis, and Karun rivers became full of silt and salt† (38); water levels declined which made it difficult for irrigation and transportation by ship. High salinity also damaged the agriculture industry as high amounts of salty minerals inhibited successful crop yields. Throughout history we have read about marvelous civilizations with great empires and feats, majestic lands with beautiful relics to preserve their culture forever. Learning about their rise is as amazing as learning about their fall. In the case of Mesopotamia, greedy leaders such as Gilgamesh who wish to preserve his era by means of environmental degradation not only make him an incompetent leader by virtue of not being humble and lack of desired qualities, but also one of the key reasons that this great civilization became a barren land. Works Cited Mitchell, Stephen. â€Å"Book One to Book 5. † Gilgamesh: a new English version. New York: Free Press, 2004. 1-32. Print. Perlin, John. A forest journey: the role of wood in the development of civilization. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. Print. How to cite Myth of Gilgamesh Analysis, Essay examples

Outline current policies and legislation relating to children and how these affect your practice free essay sample

First of all what is the difference between â€Å"policy and legislation†. â€Å"A policy is a document that outlines what a government is going to do and what it can achieve for the society as a whole. It also outlines any and all methods and principles that the government or any entity, for that matter, will use to achieve its directive. Legislation is another term meaning statutory law. These laws have been enacted by a legislature or the governing body of a country. Legislation can also mean the process of making the law.† Before being able to take a position held in a school I would have to be DBS Disclosure and Barring Services which are replaced the CRB check**. This is a regulation within the law which will be looking at an individuals criminal history ranging from convictions, cautions down to warnings. In the Protection of Children Act 1999 it states that all adults working with children must be DBS checked. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline current policies and legislation relating to children and how these affect your practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any person who is found to have their name on this list with a criminal offense regarding children will not be allowed to work within this area. I would have to work under the law of the Children Act 2004 which is there to make sure the welfare and health of the child is protected, this also includes the Every Child Matters in which all children deserve and should expect the levels of care and adhere to this. This also includes in this green paper allowing all services to share information on children that they have concerns over, this is to help all the services have a better understanding and have the knowledge of that particular childs risk history so to evaluate what the next appropriate step is to take for this particular child.

Music Speech outline- Abba Essays

Music Speech outline- Abba Essays Music Speech outline- Abba Essay Music Speech outline- Abba Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Music Speech Outline- Abba For purposes of this project, I decided to go with band called Abba. This is a Swedish band specializes in pop/rock music. The band was formed in Stockholm in 1972. The name ABBA represents an acronym for the first names of the group’s members namely; Agnetha Faltskog, Benny Andersson, Bjorn Ulvaeus, and Anni Lyngstad.. I personally have a passion for music and can attest that music by Abba exhibits consistent success on every level. Sixpence happens to be my favorite band and my decision to choose this topic is because I feel that you may as well develop an interest in ABBA’s music. I then take this opportunity to present a brief biography of the band, music description, and play a selection from the group’s album ‘The Visitors’. ABBA managed to become among the most commercially successful pop band as it topped the music charts for ten years from 1972 to 1982. The group has sold over 300 million albums copies worldwide and counting (Ashroth, 54). ABBA is recognized as the first pop band to hail from a country that does not speak English. This song achieved the record of the most played song in eleven countries at the time. The group recorded ‘The Visitors’ in 2002. However, the group members decided to each go their separate ways in late 1982. Over the years, ABBA’s music was gradually loosing popularity. However, their music was adapted in the worldwide tout ‘Mamma Mia’ musical. This move managed to revive public interest in the group (Palm, 57). ABBA has always looked to do music with a prime objective of reaching their listeners on an encouraging level. Their music lends itself and articulates to interpretation. It works on a variety of levels ranging from mature to juvenile. There are tidbits of the spiritual, sociological, and psychological sense. Both vocally and instrumentally, the band places its reliance on lush, thickly layered arrangements. Primarily, ABBA does songs about how men and women have to deal with strife in a tough world (Edgington, Harry, and Himmelstrand, 32). They are about making mistakes, trying again, and showing love. The characters admit to being flawed in their songs and indeed should not be blamed for being human. They strive sincerely and honestly with hallmarks of compassion and forgiveness. Most of the group’s songs are layered with playful melody lines, lilting and orchestral elements. ABBA’s tunes reflect that part of life between 10 and 40 years. Their music speaks of school, work, military service, and other settings. Work is a daily routine that should be considered a way of handling stress. Upon listening to their songs, especially ‘Happy New Year’ from the album ‘The Visitors’, the listener is showered with a variety of subjective responses and opposites to particular situations. However, using words to describe music can only go so far. I will then proceed on to play a selection from the album ‘The Visitors’. The song is referred to as ‘Happy New Year’. Upon listening, one is able to hear the typical portrayal of the Swedish theme. Primarily, Swedes are a friendly and reserved people. The song can be listened to by a broad audience ranging from the young to the senior. The song achieves the emotional objective by attempting to arouse the listener’s sense of â€Å"having a good time despite the hardships of life.† I think this particular serves testament to what I have presented and the talent wielded by ABBA. In conclusion, I hope you enjoyed my presentation of the music band ABBA, its history, music style, and the song â€Å"Happy New Year† from the album ‘The Visitors’.

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History It is not always easy to categorically say whether a William Shakespeare play is a tragedy, comedy, or history, because Shakespeare blurred the boundaries between these genres, especially as his work developed more complexity in themes and character development. But those are the categories into which the First Folio (the first collection of his works, published in 1623; he died in 1616) was divided, and thus, they are useful to start the discussion. The plays can be generally classified into these three broad categories based on whether the main character dies or is bequeathed a happy ending and whether Shakespeare was writing about a real person.   This list identifies which plays are generally associated with which genre, but the classification of some plays is open to interpretation and debate and changes over time. Shakespeare’s Tragedies In Shakespeares tragedies, the main protagonist has a flaw that leads to his (and/or her) downfall. There are both internal and external struggles and often a bit of the supernatural thrown in for good measure (and tension). Often there are passages or characters that have the job of lightening the mood (comic relief), but the overall tone of the piece is quite serious. The 10 Shakespeare plays generally classified as tragedy are as follows: Antony and CleopatraCoriolanusHamletJulius CaesarKing LearMacbethOthelloRomeo and JulietTimon of AthensTitus Andronicus Shakespeare’s Comedies Shakespeares comedies are sometimes further subdivided into a group called romances, tragicomedies, or problem plays, which are the dramas that have elements of humor, tragedy, and complex plots.  For example, Much Ado About Nothing begins like a comedy  but soon descends into tragedy- leading some critics to describe the play as a tragicomedy. Others debated or cited as tragicomedies include The Winters Tale, Cymbeline, The Tempest, and The Merchant of Venice.   Four of his plays are often called his late romances, and they include: Pericles, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Problem plays are so-called because of their tragicomic elements and moral issues, and they dont end perfectly tied up, such as Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure and Troilus and Cressida. Regardless of all that debate, the 18 plays generally classified as comedy are as follows: Alls Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of ErrorsCymbelineLoves Labour’s LostMeasure for MeasureThe Merry Wives of WindsorThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About NothingPericles, Prince of TyreThe Taming of the ShrewThe Tempest Troilus and CressidaTwelfth NightTwo Gentlemen of VeronaThe Two Noble KinsmenThe Winters Tale Shakespeare’s Histories Sure, the history plays are all about real figures, but it can also be argued that  with the downfall portrayed of the kings in Richard II and Richard III, those history plays could also be classified as tragedies, as they were billed back in Shakespeares day. They would easily be called tragedy plays were the main character of each fictional. The 10 plays generally classified as history plays are as follows: Henry IV, Part IHenry IV, Part II​Henry VHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part III​Henry VIIIKing JohnRichard IIRichard III

TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Essay

TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - Essay Example As part of its conclusion, the paper also provided some recommendations in relation to the overall improvement of some problems identified in the conduct of the research. Introduction The African continent has been divided into three regions to be able to account for the differences in the level of development. The disaggregation is a manifestation of the level of development – North Africa, the South African Customs Union and the ‘Rest of Africa’. The South African Custom Union is composed of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana. Both North and South Africa are middle-income countries while most countries in the category of Rest of Africa are low-income countries1. North Africa is consists of seven countries namely: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara. As of today, the region has an estimated population of more than 208 million2. Among the African countries, North Africa has the biggest non-black population that com prise the more than half of the population at 160 million3. Largely, North Africa is an Arab region with the most number of Arab populations in the world. This can be traced from the historical, cultural and religious influence of the Middle East. North African countries have diverse cultural and historical backgrounds that affect the variance of their political, economic and cultural policies. Apart from being collectively referred to as part of the same region, sharing of a common adherence Islamic cultural identity, and colonial history, it is now difficult to find commonality among the countries of North Africa4. As the African continent is known for its enormous wealth of natural resources, with one of the world’s largest countries with vast deposits of diamonds, gold chrome, uranium, copper, iron, cobalt and many other minerals, the same is true with the North African region. It is endowed with richness of natural resources especially in terms of agriculture and mineral s. Libya and Algeria are also known to have large amounts of petroleum5. North Africa is a region that can rouse development internally with all of its’ natural and human resources. The full use and maximization of its natural resources alone can help this region into full economic development. The North African region is not a rookie when it comes to globalization. It basically relies on oil, natural gas, phosphates and agricultural products for exports. Tradable industrial output, non traded goods and services play a not-so significant role in North African’s economy in terms of manufacturing and most of the existing firms and entrepreneur are mainly family-owned and out of date if compared to other emerging markets in the global industry6. The North African region had also been a region of dispute. Just recently, three of its countries have suffered from political chaos, namely Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The growing discontent of the people has greatly affected the r uling power in these countries and the government’s retaliation has further destabilized their respective governments. Protests come in different forms, yet, the peoples’ clamour is the same: protests against political suppression and significant economic reforms. It has been apparent from the series of

TRAINING, LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT 'HELPING HANDS' CASE STUDY Essay

TRAINING, LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT 'HELPING HANDS' CASE STUDY - Essay Example It is against this background that I propose to delineate the strategic vision and mission of Helping Hand’s current corporate philosophy. It is not far fetched to suggest at this stage of my analysis that the management at Helping Hand, has almost foreclosed the significant opportunities that TL&D concept presents to business organizations at a critical phase of its growth process, by not revisiting its corporate strategy. There is an inevitable negative correlation between the gradual up-scaling of strategic corporate goals and a static TL&D policy. The outcome is not only predictably negative but also competitively disastrous. The principal stance of the Helping Hand’s senior management is that the operating capacity and efficiency of the middle management structure ought to be enhanced through a conventional and often credibility deficient technique of contracting out functional managerial tasks to outsiders who as consulting firms would rather put in place stop-gap measures. Stress management counselling services are performed by professionals who help client organizations to manage their staff well with a view to increasing worker productivity. Some of the latest techniques have been adopted, probably, by the Helping Hand’s rivals. For example, â€Å"Autogenic biofeedback in psychophysiological therapy and stress management†, has been received by stress management companies with open arms because it provides the counsellor with a more reliable tool (Lehrer and Sime, Editors, 2007, p.231). At Helping Hand, there is no such innovative strategic drive. Right now the level of staff mot ivation is at a low ebb. This is reflected in the high rate of labour attrition. Plans for diversification must be carried out with a total shake up in the existing organizational structure. Additional middle layers of management would necessarily add to the communication bottlenecks that underlie a tall chain of command. As a